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Python Operators

Python Operators

Operators in Python facilitate various computations, comparisons, and logical operations on data. Operators in Python enable computations, comparisons, and logical evaluations within a program. Python provides different operator categories, each designed for specific types of computations and manipulations.

1. Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used for mathematical operations.

Operator Description Example
+ Addition 5 + 3 = 8
- Subtraction 5 - 3 = 2
* Multiplication 5 * 3 = 15
/ Division 5 / 2 = 2.5
// Floor Division 5 // 2 = 2
% Modulus (remainder) 5 % 2 = 1
** Exponentiation 5 ** 2 = 25

Example:

  a = 10
  b = 3
  print(a + b)  # Output: 13
  print(a ** b) # Output: 1000

2. Comparison (Relational) Operators

Comparison operators evaluate relationships between values and yield a Boolean result.

Operator Description Example
== Equal to 5 == 5 = True
!= Not equal to 5 != 3 = True
> Greater than 5 > 3 = True
< Less than 5 < 3 = False
>= Greater than or equal to 5 >= 3 = True
<= Less than or equal to 5 <= 3 = False

Example:

  x = 7
  y = 10
  print(x > y)  # Output: False
  print(x != y) # Output: True

3. Logical Operators

Logical operators help in evaluating multiple conditions simultaneously.

Operator Description Example
and Returns True if both conditions are True True and False = False
or Returns True if at least one condition is True True or False = True
not Reverses the logical state not True = False

Example:

  a = 5
  b = 10
  print(a > 3 and b < 20)  # Output: True
  print(not (a > b))       # Output: True

4. Assignment Operators

Assignment operators store and update values in variables efficiently.

Operator Description Example
= Assigns value x = 5
+= Adds and assigns x += 3 (x = x + 3)
-= Subtracts and assigns x -= 3 (x = x - 3)
*= Multiplies and assigns x *= 3
/= Divides and assigns x /= 3
//= Floor divides and assigns x //= 3
%= Modulus and assigns x %= 3
**= Exponentiation and assigns x **= 3

Example:

  x = 10
  x += 5
  print(x)  # Output: 15

5. Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators operate on binary numbers.

Operator Description Example
& AND 5 & 3 = 1
| OR 5 | 3 = 7
^ XOR 5 ^ 3 = 6
~ Complement ~5 = -6
<< Left Shift 5 << 1 = 10
>> Right Shift 5 >> 1 = 2

Example:

  a = 5  # 101 in binary
  b = 3  # 011 in binary
  print(a & b)  # Output: 1
  print(a | b)  # Output: 7

6. Membership Operators

These operators determine whether a value exists within a given sequence.(like strings, lists, tuples).

Operator Description Example
in Returns True if value exists in sequence 'a' in 'apple' = True
not in Returns True if value does not exist in sequence 'b' not in 'apple' = True

Example:

  fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
  print("banana" in fruits)  # Output: True
  print("grape" not in fruits)  # Output: True

7. Identity Operators

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Operator Description Example
is Returns True if objects are identical (same memory location) a is b
is not Returns True if objects are not identical a is not b

Example:

  x = [1, 2, 3]
  y = x
  z = [1, 2, 3]
  print(x is y)  # Output: True
  print(x is z)  # Output: False

8. Special Operators

Ternary Operator (Conditional Expression)

Python supports concise conditional expressions using the ternary operator for quick decision-making.

Example:

  a, b = 5, 10
  result = "A is greater" if a > b else "B is greater"
  print(result)  # Output: B is greater

Summary:

Python operators are used to perform calculations, comparisons, and logical evaluations on variables and values. They help in writing efficient and concise code for various programming tasks.

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